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                <text>Edinburgh, Greyfriars churchyard: the tomb of James Borthwick of Stow, carved with a skeleton and surgical instruments</text>
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                <text>"James Borthwick's monument: Memoriae Patris Sui Jacobi Borthwick a Stow, familias de Cruixtoun, filii legitimi, Pharmacopoei celeberrimi, JB progenitus M M Q P. [To the memory of his father James Borthwick of Stow, lawful son of the family of Cruixtoun, most famous Chirurgeon-Apothecary: Mr James Borthwick, his eldest son, from a mournful mind, placed this monument. M] ". The inscription on this monument, preserved by Monteith, is not now legible; but the monument itself cannot be mistaken, with its skeleton in the centre and festooned around with surgical instruments. Dr John Gairdner, in his Historical sketch of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh, has a special notice of it as remarkable. He states that Borthwick entered the Incorporation in 1645, of which he was an active member; that he was one of the Commissioners of the Scottish Parliament of 1661; that he acquired his estate of Stow; and that he died in 1676"--website of the Borthwick burials &amp; monumental inscriptions in Scotland, accessed 28 February 2008</text>
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                <text>A surgeon treating an elderly man's foot, in the background an assistant is mixing a concoction with a pestle and mortar</text>
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                <text>similar reproduction published by Paris (Quay des Augustins la porte cochere prés la rue Gilles Coeur A.P.D.R.) : Daullé graveur de Roi&#13;
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                <text>The third edition corrected and amended; with some additions.&#13;
&#13;
see also Item #313 for forcep imagery from an encyclopedia that copied this one.</text>
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                <text>See in the 1741 cylcopaedia a line for "surgery" to see "chirurgery". Under "Chirurgery" it states that it is "popularly called Surgery, the third branch of medicine; consisting in operations performed by the hand, for the cure of wounds, and other disorders. See Medicine."&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
It then falsely states that surgery was the "sole medicine of the first ages" - always opting for the knife.  It follows then in a whole history showing that the Greeks also preferred surgery over all modes of medicine, cultivated by Hippocrates amongst others. &#13;
&#13;
"The more modern authors, who have contributed most to the&#13;
perfection of Chirurgery, are Paraeus, Fab. ab Aquapendente,&#13;
Harvey, Wharton, Glisson, Du Laurence, Diemerbroeck, Vieussens,&#13;
Barbette, Dionis, Charriere, &amp;c."&#13;
&#13;
It then goes on to describe the splitting of surgeons from barbers and within the law how barbers are only allowed to pull teeth and no longer draw any blood. Surgeons cannot shave others. Surgeons now must have signs at their doors legitimizing their practice.&#13;
&#13;
Then proceeds to describe French surgery (as an English text): "The French Chirurgeons being refused to be admitted into the&#13;
universities, notwithstanding that their art makes a branch of medicine,&#13;
one of the four faculties; on pretence of its bordering a&#13;
little on butchery, or cruelty; associated themselves into a brotherhood,&#13;
under the protection of S. Cosmus, and S. Damian:&#13;
on which account, according to the laws of their institution, they&#13;
are obliged to dress and look to wounds gratis, the first Monday&#13;
of each month. They distinguish between a Chirurgeon of the long robe, and a Barber Chirurgeon: the first has studied physick, and is allowed to wear a gown." &#13;
&#13;
see also keywords Tumor, Breast&#13;
&#13;
"The breasts are much more perfect, more conspicuous, and&#13;
of more use in women than in men: their magnitude is various;&#13;
always biggest in time of gestation and lactation."</text>
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                <text>Ephraim CHambers</text>
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                <text>British Library&#13;
https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/ephraim-chambers-cyclopaedia-1741&#13;
&#13;
and can search terms in&#13;
https://artflsrv04.uchicago.edu/philologic4.7/chambers_new/&#13;
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                <text>Annotations de M Laurens Joubert sur toute la chirurgie de M. Guy de Chauliac</text>
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